Deprivation of citizenship due to terrorism-related offenses did not violate the right to privacy
JUDGMENT
Ghoumid and others v. France 25.06.2020 (app. 52273/16, 52285/16, 52290/16, 52294/16 and 52302/16)
SUMMARY
The case concerned five individuals, formerly having dual nationality, who were convicted of
participation in a criminal conspiracy to commit an act of terrorism. After serving their sentences
they were released in 2009 and 2010, then stripped of their French nationality in October 2015.
The Court reiterated the point, already made in a number of judgments, that terrorist violence
constituted in itself a serious threat to human rights. As the applicants already had another
nationality, the decision to deprive them of French nationality had not had the effect of making
them stateless. In addition, loss of French nationality did not automatically entail deportation from
France, but if such a measure were to be decided against them they would have the appropriate
remedies by which to assert their rights.
Lastly, the Court observed that deprivation of nationality under Article 25 of the Civil Code was not a
criminal sanction, within the meaning of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 (right not to be tried or punished
twice), and that this provision was therefore inapplicable.
PROVISIONS
Article 8
Article 4 of the 7th Protocol
PRINCIPAL FACTS
The applicants, Bachir Ghoumid, Fouad Charouali, Attila Turk, Redouane Aberbri and Rachid Ait El
Haj are Moroccan nationals, except for the third applicant, who is Turkish. Mr Ghoumid, Mr
Charouali and Mr Turk live in Mantes-la-Jolie, and Mr Aberbri and Mr Ait El Haj live in Les Mureaux.
In a judgment of 11 July 2007 the Criminal Court of Paris convicted the five applicants for having,
during the period 1995 to 2004, participated in a criminal conspiracy to commit an act of terrorism.
Mr Turk and Mr Aberbri lodged an appeal with the Paris Court of Appeal, which upheld their
convictions on 1 July 2008.
In April 2015 the Minister of the Interior informed the applicants that, in view of the judgment of 11
July 2007 convicting them of an offence constituting an act of terrorism, he had decided to initiate
the procedure to have their French nationality revoked, under Articles 25 and 25-1 of the Civil Code.
After the Conseil d’État had approved the procedure on 1 September 2015, the Prime Minister, by
five decrees dated 7 October 2015, deprived the applicants of their French nationality. The
applicants applied to the Conseil d’État for an interim measure to stay the execution of the decrees
of 7 October 2015 and for their annulment on grounds of misuse of authority. The requests for an interim measure were rejected by five similar decisions on 20 November 2015 and, on 8 June 2016, the Conseil d’État rejected the requests for annulment in five similar decisions.
Mr Aberbri and Mr Ait El Haj were interviewed by the Deportation Board of the Yvelines
département on 8 September 2016. On 21 October 2016 the Prefect of the Yvelines informed them
that the Board had given a favourable opinion on their deportation. They were summoned on 26
October 2016 by the police, but they were not notified of a deportation order.
THE DECISION OF THE COURT…
Article 8
The Court noted that while the removal of an alien from a country in which his or her relatives were
living could interfere with his or her right to respect for family life, the deprivation of French
nationality had no consequence for the presence on French territory of the person concerned. The
applicants had applied for “private and family life” residence permits and had been issued with
acknowledgments of those applications, allowing them to live in France. They would be able, if
necessary, to challenge in the administrative courts any rejection of their applications and any
subsequent deportation measures. It followed that the deprivation of the applicants’ nationality did
not constitute interference with the exercise of their right to respect for their family life.
Arbitrary deprivation of nationality might, however, engage Article 8 of the Convention because of
its impact on the private life of the person concerned. The Court therefore examined the case from
that perspective. It looked at two points: it assessed whether the measures taken against the
applicants had been arbitrary (whether they were lawful, whether the applicants had been afforded
procedural safeguards, including access to appropriate judicial review, and whether the authorities
had acted diligently and promptly); and it examined the consequences of the deprivation of
nationality for the private life of the applicants.
The Court found that the administrative authorities had not immediately initiated proceedings for
deprivation of nationality after the applicants’ convictions. It was, however, able to accept that,
faced with events of that kind, a State might re-assess, with greater stringency, whether individuals
who had been convicted of a criminal offence constituting an act of terrorism still maintained a bond of loyalty and solidarity with the State, and that it might therefore, subject to a strict proportionality test, decide to take measures against them which it had not initially chosen.
The Court accordingly took the view that, in the particular circumstances of the case, the time which had elapsed between
the applicants’ convictions, enabling the procedure for deprivation of nationality to be initiated
under French law, and the date on which that procedure had ultimately been implemented against
them was not sufficient in itself to render that deprivation arbitrary.
As to the lawfulness of the measure, the Court noted that, at the time of the events, Article 25-1 of
the Civil Code provided that deprivation of nationality could only be ordered within 10 years from
the commission of the acts on which the criminal conviction was based.
However, the decisions depriving the applicants of French nationality had been taken in 2015,
whereas the most recent events had dated from 2004. The Court noted that the legislature had
extended that time-limit to 15 years in January 2006 and that the Conseil d’État had taken the view,
in accordance with its case-law, that, in matters of administrative sanctions, the administrative and
regulatory provisions laying down procedural conditions and formalities applied with immediate
effect. The Court thus found that the measures taken against the applicants had been lawful.
The Court found that the applicants had enjoyed substantial procedural safeguards. In accordance
with Article 61 of Decree no. 93-1362 of 30 December 1993, the authorities had given them prior
notice of their intention to deprive them of French nationality and had explained to them the legal
and factual grounds on which that measure would be based. The applicants had then been given one
month to submit observations in their defence, which they had done.
The matter was subsequently referred to the Conseil d’État for an opinion, which had to give its
approval for any deprivation of nationality. Having regard to that approval, the orders depriving the
applicants of their nationality were drawn up, giving factual and legal reasoning, and the applicants
had been given the opportunity –which they had used – to apply to the urgent applications judge
and to the Conseil d’État to seek the annulment of the measure on grounds of misuse of authority.
They had thus been able to assert their Convention rights, and in the annulment proceedings the
Conseil d’État had carried out a proportionality review and had issued a reasoned decision.
The Court concluded that the decisions to deprive the applicants of French nationality could not
therefore be regarded as arbitrary.
As to the consequences of those decisions for the applicants’ private life, it was true that their
prospect of remaining in France had consequently become more uncertain; as foreigners on French
soil they could now be deported. A measure of that type would be likely to have an impact on their
private life as it could lead to a loss of employment, separation from family, and the disruption of
any social ties they had forged in France. However, since no deportation order was forthcoming, the
Court was of the view that the consequence of the deprivation of nationality for their private life had
been the loss of an element of their identity.
That being said, the Court was able to accept the Government’s arguments. As it had repeatedly
emphasised in previous cases, terrorist violence in itself constituted a serious threat to human rights.
It could therefore understand the decision of the French authorities, following the attacks in France
in 2015, to show greater firmness with regard to persons convicted of a terrorism offence. The
applicants’ participation in a criminal conspiracy to commit a terrorist act, of which they were all
found guilty, had continued for 10 consecutive years.
The Court also noted that some of the applicants had just acquired French nationality when they had
committed the offence in question and that the others had acquired it during the period of the
offence. It further observed that all the applicants already had another nationality; the decision to
deprive them of French nationality had not therefore had the effect of rendering them stateless In addition, loss of French nationality did not automatically entail deportation from France, but if such a measure were to be decided against them they would have the appropriate remedies by which to assert their rights.
The Court accordingly found that the decision to deprive the applicants of French nationality had not
had disproportionate consequences for their private life. There had therefore been no violation of
Article 8 of the Convention.
Article 4 of Protocol No. 7
In order for Article 4 of Protocol No. 7 to be engaged, it was necessary, in particular, for an applicant
to have been “tried” or “punished in criminal proceedings” for an offence in respect of which he or
she had already been finally acquitted or convicted.
It was clear that the applicants had been “convicted”, within the meaning of Article 4 of Protocol
No. 7, as they had been convicted and sentenced for the offence of conspiring to commit a terrorist
act. That conviction, dating from 2007, had in fact become final by the time they were deprived of
French nationality, in 2015.
As to whether the measure of deprivation of nationality under Article 25 of the Civil Code was
“criminal” in nature, the Court first noted that it was not classified as such under French law. It was
provided for in the Civil Code, not the Criminal Code, and fell within the jurisdiction of the
administrative courts rather than the criminal courts; the Conseil d’État had characterised it as an
“administrative sanction”.
Secondly, the Court found that, going beyond its punitive connotation, the deprivation of nationality
under Article 25 of the Civil Code pursued a specific objective, as it sought to reflect the fact that an
individual who had been granted French nationality had subsequently broken the bond of loyalty to
France by committing a particularly serious offence, and in the case of terrorism undermining the
very foundation of democracy. The measure was thus a solemn confirmation of the severance of the
bond between the individual and France.
Thirdly, the Court did not underestimate the seriousness of the message that the State was thus
addressing to those concerned or the potential impact on their identity. However, the degree of
severity of the measure had to be seen in relation to the fact that deprivation of nationality under
Article 25 of the Civil Code was a response to conduct which, when it came to terrorism, constituted
an attack on democracy itself. Besides, this measure in itself did not entail the deportation from
France of those concerned.
Consequently, deprivation of nationality under Article 25 of the Civil Code was not a criminal
sanction, within the meaning of Article 4 of Protocol No. 7, and this provision was therefore
inapplicable in the present case.
