The state must immediately repair the property damage of Bosnia and Herzegovina residents who were expelled during the war.

JUDGMENT

Orlović and others v. Bosnia and Herzegovina 1/10/2019 (no. 16332/18)

see heree  

SUMMARY

Refugees, deprivation of their property, implementation of the peace agreement.

The applicants come from Bosnia and Herzegovina. During the war, they were expelled from their land and deprived of their property. After signing the Peace Agreement and returning to their homeland, they regained ownership of part of their property. They appealed to the domestic courts claiming the rest of their property, which the latter rejected their claims, while the local community obtained planning permission for the the church that had been built on their land.

The Court held that the applicants had suffered a serious breach of their property rights, implying a disproportionate and excessive burden, therefore concluding that there had been a breach of Article 1 of the First Additional Protocol and, on account of their vulnerability, held that the respondent State had to take all the necessary measures to immediate repair of the damage within the three-month period.

PROVISIONS

Article 1 of the First Additional Protocol

Article 46

PRINCIPAL FACTS 

The applicants are a family of 14 citizens of Bosnia and Herzegovina, born between 1942 and 1982.

They live in Konjević Polje and Srebrenik, in Bosnia and Herzegovina. They survive the first applicant’s husband and more than 20 other relatives who were killed in the Srebrenica genocide in 1995.

During the 1992-95 war they were forced to flee from their home in Konjević Polje. The property belonged to the first applicant’s husband and his brother and consisted of several individual and agricultural buildings, fields and meadows.

In 1998 a church was built on their land following expropriation proceedings in favour of the Drinjača Serbian Orthodox Parish. The applicants were never informed of those proceedings.
The General Framework Agreement for Peace in Bosnia and Herzegovina (“the Dayton Peace Agreement”) put an end to the 1992-95 war. In order to implement Annex 7 to the agreement, which guaranteed the free return of refugees to their homes of origin and restitution of their property, the Republika Srpska (one of the two constituent entities of Bosnia and Herzegovina) enacted the Restitution of Property Act in 1998.

The applicants brought restitution proceedings for their property under that Act. They were granted full restitution in a decision by the Commission for Real Property Claims of Displaced Persons and Refugees (“the CRPC”) in 1999, followed by another decision by the Ministry for Refugees and Displaced Persons in 2001. The decisions were both final and enforceable.

The land was subsequently returned to the applicants, except for a plot on which the church had been built. The applicants sought full repossession in the following years, without success.

The applicants also brought civil proceedings against the Serbian Orthodox Church seeking to recover possession of the plot of land and to have the church removed. In 2010 they modified their claim, asking the courts to recognise the validity of an out-of-court settlement. The lower courts dismissed the claim, finding that no agreement had been concluded between the parties, which was then confirmed by the Supreme Court in 2014 and the Constitutional Court in 2017.

In the meantime in 2004, there were other developments including the construction inspectorate authorities issuing an order banning the use of the church, which the local deputy mayor opposed, and the Serbian Orthodox Parish requesting and obtaining planning permission for the church.

THE DECISION OF THE COURT…

It was not in dispute that the applicants were the owners of the property in question and that, as internally displaced persons, they had been entitled under Annex 7 to the Dayton Peace Agreement to have the land restored to them.

Furthermore, the Court noted that the applicants’ right to full restitution had been established in the decisions of 1999 and 2001 and that the authorities had been required to take practical steps to ensure enforcement. However, instead of implementing the decisions, the authorities had initially – in 2004 – done the opposite by effectively authorising the church to remain on the applicants’ land.

Indeed, the applicants were still being prevented from full repossession of their property 17 years after ratification of the Convention and its protocols by Bosnia and Herzegovina. The Government had not given any justification for the authorities’ inaction. The Court considered that such a long delay clearly amounted to a refusal to enforce the decisions, which had left the applicants in a state of uncertainty.

As a result of the authorities’ failure to comply with the final and binding decisions, the applicants had suffered a serious frustration of their property rights and had been made to bear a disproportionate and excessive burden.

The Court therefore concluded that there had been a violation of Article 1 of Protocol No. 1.

Given that finding, the Court considered that there was no need to examine the applicants’ complaint under Article 6.

Binding force and implementation (Article 46)

The Court reiterated that, in order to help a State comply with its obligations under Article 46, it might exceptionally indicate individual and/or general measures that could be taken to put an end to the violation of the Convention it had found.

In the particular circumstances of the applicants’ case, the Court considered that the respondent State had to take all the necessary measures to ensure enforcement of the CRPC’s decision of 1999 and the Ministry for Refugees’ decision of 2001, including in particular the removal of the church from the applicants’ land, without further delay and at the latest within three months of this judgment becoming final.

Just satisfaction (Article 41)

The Court held, unanimously, that Bosnia and Herzegovina was to pay 5,000 euros (EUR) to the first applicant and EUR 2,000 to each of the remaining applicants in respect of pecuniary damage.

Separate opinion

Judge Jon Fridrik Kjølbro expressed a partly dissenting opinion, which is annexed to the judgment(echrcaselaw.com).


ECHRCaseLaw
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