Video, Dance and YouTube. The Court revises the substance of the case and disagrees with the judgment of the national courts that a criminal offense has been committed! An important decision that opens new ways for a fair trial!
JUDGMENT
Rustamzade v. Azerbaijan 07-03-2019 (no. 38239/16)
SUMMARY
The case concerned a student’s arrest and detention in 2013 for allegedly filming some friends
dancing in a park and uploading the video of it to YouTube. He was charged with hooliganism and
spent one year in pre-trial detention. He was convicted in 2014 as charged, as well as of mass
disorder and arms offences which had in the meantime been added to the list of charges, and
sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment.
The Court found in particular that the facts relied on in the domestic proceedings could not
reasonably be considered to constitute criminal behaviour as defined under domestic law or as
interpreted by the higher courts. Mr Rustamzade had therefore been arrested and detained without
a reasonable suspicion that he had committed a criminal offence.
THE IMPORTANCE OF THE CASE
The Court’s approach is interesting. In one of the rare cases, the ECtHR examines the substance of the case, assesses the means of evidence and the facts with objective assessment and comes in contradiction with thw judgment of the national courts on the assessment of the substance. Thus, in a case where the accused was irrevocably sentenced to 8 years in prison for hooliganism and other offenses, the Court is forced to go to the assessment of the evidence and to find that the case has not been proved!
PROVISION
Article 5
PRINCIPAL FACTS
The applicant, Ilkin Bakir oglu Rustamzade, is an Azerbaijani national who was born in 1992 and lives
in Baku (Azerbaijan).
In the first few months of 2013 Mr Rustamzade, an economics student and civil society activist,
actively participated in a number of demonstrations held in Baku criticising the government for
deaths of soldiers in the army.
Against that background, on 1 March 2013 he allegedly made a video recording of friends
performing what had become a popular dance at the time in Azerbaijan, the “Harlem Shake”. The
video, later uploaded to YouTube, shows seven people dancing in a park, one of whom makes
sexually suggestive movements near a bronze statue.
Mr Rustamzade was arrested and charged in May 2013 with hooliganism. He was accused of a
“manifest disrespect towards society” and breaching public order by making the video recording and
uploading it to the Internet. He denied the charges against him.
At the prosecuting authorities’ request, the court ordered his detention pending trial for two months
on the ground that there was a risk of his absconding and reoffending. Despite his repeated appeals,
the courts extended his detention until his conviction in May 2014 of hooliganism as well as of a
number of other criminal offences which had in the meantime been added to the list of charges,
including mass disorder and various arms offences. He was sentenced to eight years’ imprisonment.
A separate application (no. 22323/16) concerning the criminal proceedings against Mr Rustamzade is
still ongoing before the European Court.
THE DECISION OF THE COURT
Mr Rustamzade maintained that the accusations against him had been groundless, submitting that
even the video recording of the dance had not been available in the case file examined by the courts
when they had ordered and extended his detention.
The Court noted that the Government had not specified whether the material in the case file against
the applicant had contained witness statements, facts or evidence that would satisfy the objective
observer that he had committed a criminal offence.
In any case, it was not at all clear from the decisions of the prosecuting authorities and the domestic
courts how the video recording of a dance and its subsequent uploading to YouTube could be
considered a grave breach of public order, which constituted one of the elements of the criminal
offence of hooliganism under domestic law.
Nor had it been argued in the proceedings that the applicant’s filming of the dance had been
accompanied by violence or destruction / damage of others’ property, another constituent element
of hooliganism as defined in the Criminal Code.
Both the Plenum of the Supreme Court and the Constitutional Court had confirmed this
interpretation of the domestic law in decisions concerning hooliganism.
The Court therefore concluded that the facts relied on could not reasonably be considered to
constitute criminal behaviour as defined under domestic law or as interpreted by the higher courts.
Mr Rustamzade’s pre-trial detention had not therefore constituted “lawful detention” effected “on
reasonable suspicion” of his having committed an offence, in violation of Article 5 § 1.
Given that finding, the Court held that there was no need to examine separately the complaint
under Article 5 § 3 about the reasons for his continued pre-trial detention.
Just satisfaction (Article 41)
The Court held that Azerbaijan was to pay Mr Rustamzade 20,000 euros (EUR) in respect of
non-pecuniary damage and EUR 2,500 in respect of costs and expenses(echrcaselaw.com editing).
