Lack of hygiene and inadequate space in cells combined with overcrowding of prisons are degrading treatment of prisoners
JUDGMENT
Rezmiveș v. Romania 25-04-2017 (no. 61467/12, 39516/13, 48213/13 and 68191/13)
SUMMARY
Degrading treatment of prisoners. Cells in unacceptable conditions. Pilot decision. The ECtHR considers that cells must have a space of at least 3 m². for each prisoner. In the applicants’ cells the area was significantly smaller, had dirty toilets, mold, insects, rats, worn layers, poor quality food, insufficient access to hot water, insufficient ventilation, etc. The Court found a violation of Article 3 of the ECHR and issued a pilot decision on the conditions of detention in Romania by laying down general remedies, considering that the applicants’ situation was part of a general and systemic problem that the Romanian prisons faced. The State must therefore institute measures to reduce overcrowding and improve detention conditions, ensure that judges and courts can put an end to situations that are systemically breaching Article 3 of the Convention and grant compensation to them infringement case.
PROVISION
Article 3
PRINCIPAL FACTS
The applicants, Daniel Arpad Rezmiveş, Marius Mavroian, Laviniu Moşmonea and Iosif Gazsi, are Romanian nationals who were born in 1970, 1966, 1976 and 1972 respectively.
Mr Rezmiveş, Mr Moşmonea and Mr Gazsi, who are currently detained in Timişoara, Pelendava and Baia Mare Prisons, and Mr Mavroian, who was detained in Focşani Prison and was released on 13 January 2015, complained in particular of overcrowding, lack of space and poor hygiene conditions in their cells (presence of rats, mould on the walls, and so on), inadequate access to showers and toilets, a lack of natural light, poor ventilation, and the unsatisfactory quality of the equipment and food provided in the prisons in which they had been or were still detained.
THE DECISION OF THE COURT
Article 3 (prohibition of inhuman or degrading treatment)
The Court noted that the personal space allocated to each of the applicants during most of their detention had been less than 3 sq. m. This severe lack of living space over the course of several months appeared to have been exacerbated by other factors, such as: the lack of natural light, the very short duration of daily walks, the unhygienic toilets which were not always partitioned off and the lack of sociocultural activities (in the case of Mr Rezmiveş); inadequate sanitary facilities and insufficient access to hot water (in the case of Mr Mavroian); poor ventilation in the cells, the presence of mould in some of the cells, the presence of insects and rats, dilapidated mattresses, poor-quality food and bedbugs (in the case of Mr Moşmonea); and poor-quality food, inadequate sanitary facilities and lack of hygiene (in the case of Mr Gazsi). The Court thus considered that although these various conditions had not in themselves amounted to inhuman and degrading treatment, they had inevitably caused the applicants additional suffering.
Furthermore, the applicants’ detailed description of the material conditions in the prisons concerned was similar to the situation which the Court had found in a number of cases of this kind. The material conditions in Romanian police detention facilities had also been examined by the Court in several cases in which it had noted problems of overcrowding, substandard hygiene conditions, inadequate sanitary facilities and very limited opportunities for out-of-cell time. In addition, having regard to the findings of the European Committee for the Prevention of Torture and Inhuman or Degrading Treatment or Punishment (CPT) following its visits in 2010 and 2014 to certain prisons and police detention facilities, to the Committee of Ministers’ assessment of the general measures adopted with a view to executing the Bragadireanu group of judgments,2 to the recommendations issued by the Romanian Ombudsman following investigations into complaints by prisoners, and to the official statistical data concerning the Romanian prison population, the Court found that the applicants’ allegations about the material conditions of their detention were credible.
Accordingly, the Court considered that the conditions of the applicants’ detention, also taking into account the duration of their incarceration, had subjected them to hardship going beyond the unavoidable level of suffering inherent in detention. It therefore held that there had been a violation of Article 3 of the Convention.
Article 46 (binding force and execution of judgments)
The Court decided to apply the pilot-judgment procedure, finding that the applicants’ situation was part of a general problem originating in a structural dysfunction specific to the Romanian prison system; this state of affairs had persisted despite having been identified by the Court in 2012 (in its judgment in Iacov Stanciu v. Romania, no. 35972/05, 24 July 2012).
To remedy the situation, the State had to implement two types of general measures.
Firstly, the State had to introduce measures to reduce overcrowding and improve the material conditions of detention. The Court left it to the respondent State, subject to supervision by the Committee of Ministers, to take the practical steps it deemed necessary for this purpose, specifying that where the State was unable to guarantee that each prisoner was detained in conditions compatible with Article 3 of the Convention, it was encouraged to take action to reduce the prison population.
Secondly, the State had to introduce remedies (a preventive remedy and a specific compensatory remedy). The preventive remedy had to ensure that post-sentencing judges and the courts could put an end to situations breaching Article 3 of the Convention and award compensation. The specific compensatory remedy had to ensure that appropriate compensation could be awarded for any violation of the Convention concerning inadequate living space and/or precarious material conditions.
In view of the important and urgent nature of the problem identified and the fundamental nature of the rights in question, the Court considered that a reasonable deadline for implementing the general measures was necessary, and that the Committee of Ministers was in the best position to set such a deadline. Accordingly, within six months from the date on which the judgment became final the Romanian Government had to provide, in cooperation with the Committee of Ministers, a precise timetable for the implementation of the appropriate general measures.
Lastly, the Court decided to adjourn the examination of any applications not yet communicated to the Romanian Government in which the sole or main complaint concerned overcrowding and poor detention conditions in prisons and detention facilities attached to police stations in Romania, and to continue its examination of such applications that had already been communicated.
Article 41 (just satisfaction)
The Court held that Romania was to pay the applicants Mr Rezmiveş and Mr Gazsi 3,000 euros (EUR) each and Mr Mavroian and Mr Moşmonea EUR 5,000 each in respect of non-pecuniary damage. Romania was also required to pay Mr Moşmonea EUR 1,850 in respect of costs and expenses.
Separate opinion
Judge K. Wojtyczek expressed a concurring opinion, which is annexed to the judgment.
